Evolutionary biologists have argued that aging is inevitable because of several tradeoffs. One tradeoff is that a considerable proportion of an animal's resources is devoted to reproduction at a cost to maintenance, which means that the maintenance of somatic tissues is less than that required for indefinite survival. Of the vast array of maintenance processes that are necessary to sustain normal function in somatic cells, those that defend the cell against metabolism derived oxidants are likely to play an important role.
Metabolism has costs: oxidants by-products of normal energy metabolism extensively damage DNA, proteins, and other molecules in the cell, and this damage accumulates with age.
Another tradeoff is that nature selects for many genes that have immediate survival value, but that may have long term deleterious consequences. The oxidative burst from phagocytic cells, for example, protects against death from bacterial and viral infections, but contributes to DNA damage, mutation, and cancer.
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Showing posts with label DNA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label DNA. Show all posts
Monday, February 11, 2008
Thursday, February 7, 2008
Chronic infection, inflammation and cancer
Leucocytes and other phagocytic cells combat bacteria, parasites, and virus-infected cells by destroying them with NO, O2. H2O2 a powerful oxidant mixture. These oxidants protect humans from immediate death from infection, but cause oxidative damage to DNA and mutation thereby contributing to the carcinogenic process.
Antioxidants appear to inhibit some of the pathology of chronic inflammation
Chronic infections contribute to about one-third of the world's cancer. Hepatitis B and C viruses infect about 500 million people, mainly in Asia and Africa, and are a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Another major Chronic infections is schistosomiasis, which is caused by a parasitic worm that is widespread in China and Egypt. The Chinese worm lays its eggs in the colon, producing inflammation that often leads to colon cancer. The Egyptian worm lays eggs in the bladder, promoting bladder cancer.
Opisthorchis viverrini and Chlonorchis sinensis are liver flukes that infect millions of people in China, Thailand, Laos, and Malaysia. These worms cause chronic inflammation of the biliary tract and markedly increase the risk for developing cholangiocarcinoma.
Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which infect the stomachs of over one-third the world population, appear to be the major cause of stomach cancer, ulcers, and gastritis.
In wealthy countries the disease is usually asymptomatic, which indicates that the effects of inflammation are at least partially suppressed, possibly in part, by adequate levels of dietary Antioxidants.
chronic inflammation resulting from noninfectious sources also to various pathological conditions leading to cancer. For example, chronic inflammation due to asbestos exposure may be in good part the reason it is a significant risk factor for cancer of the lung.
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
Antioxidants appear to inhibit some of the pathology of chronic inflammation
Chronic infections contribute to about one-third of the world's cancer. Hepatitis B and C viruses infect about 500 million people, mainly in Asia and Africa, and are a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Another major Chronic infections is schistosomiasis, which is caused by a parasitic worm that is widespread in China and Egypt. The Chinese worm lays its eggs in the colon, producing inflammation that often leads to colon cancer. The Egyptian worm lays eggs in the bladder, promoting bladder cancer.
Opisthorchis viverrini and Chlonorchis sinensis are liver flukes that infect millions of people in China, Thailand, Laos, and Malaysia. These worms cause chronic inflammation of the biliary tract and markedly increase the risk for developing cholangiocarcinoma.
Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which infect the stomachs of over one-third the world population, appear to be the major cause of stomach cancer, ulcers, and gastritis.
In wealthy countries the disease is usually asymptomatic, which indicates that the effects of inflammation are at least partially suppressed, possibly in part, by adequate levels of dietary Antioxidants.
chronic inflammation resulting from noninfectious sources also to various pathological conditions leading to cancer. For example, chronic inflammation due to asbestos exposure may be in good part the reason it is a significant risk factor for cancer of the lung.
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
Sources and Effects of Oxidants
Four endogenous sources appear to account for most of the oxidants produced by cells:
1) As a consequence of normal aerobic respiration, mitochondria consume molecular oxygen, reducing it by sequential steps to produce H20. Inevitable by-products of this process, as stated above, are O2.-, H202, and .OH. About l012 oxygen molecules are processed by each rat cell daily, and the leakage of partially reduced oxygen molecules is about 2%, yielding about 2x1010 superoxide and hydrogen peroxide molecules per cell per day.
2) Phagocytic cells destroy bacteria or virus-infected cells with an oxidative burst of NO, O2.-, H2O2, and [[macron]]OCl. Chronic infection by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, results in a chronic phagocytic activity and consequent chronic inflammation, which is a major risk factor for cancer. Chronic infections are particularly prevalent in third world countries.
3) Peroxisomes, which are organelles responsible for degrading fatty acids and other molecules, produce H202 as a byproduct, which is then degraded by catalase. Evidence suggests that, under certain conditions, some of the peroxide escapes degradation, resulting in its release into other compartments of the cell and in increased oxidative DNA damage.
4) Cytochrome P450 enzymes in animals constitute one of the primary defense systems against natural toxic chemicals from plants, the major source of dietary toxins. The induction of these enzymes, prevent acute toxic effects from foreign chemicals, but also results in oxidant by-products that damage DNA (Park, J.-Y. K. and Ames, B.N., unpublished).
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
Three exogenous sources may significantly increase the large endogenous oxidant load.
1) The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in cigarette smoke (about 1000 ppm) cause oxidation of macromolecules, and deplete antioxidant levels. This is likely to contribute significantly to the pathology of smoking. Smoking is a risk factor for heart disease as well as a wide variety of cancers in addition to lung cancer.
2) Iron (and copper) salts promote the generation of oxidizing radicals from peroxides (Fenton chemistry). Men who absorb significantly more than normal amounts of dietary iron due to a genetic defect (hemochromatosis disease) are at an increased risk for both cancer and heart disease. It has therefore been argued that too much dietary copper or iron, particularly heme iron (which is high in meat), is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cancer in normal men
3) Normal diets contain plant food with large amounts of natural phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic and caffeic acid, that may generate oxidants by redox cycling .
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
1) As a consequence of normal aerobic respiration, mitochondria consume molecular oxygen, reducing it by sequential steps to produce H20. Inevitable by-products of this process, as stated above, are O2.-, H202, and .OH. About l012 oxygen molecules are processed by each rat cell daily, and the leakage of partially reduced oxygen molecules is about 2%, yielding about 2x1010 superoxide and hydrogen peroxide molecules per cell per day.
2) Phagocytic cells destroy bacteria or virus-infected cells with an oxidative burst of NO, O2.-, H2O2, and [[macron]]OCl. Chronic infection by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, results in a chronic phagocytic activity and consequent chronic inflammation, which is a major risk factor for cancer. Chronic infections are particularly prevalent in third world countries.
3) Peroxisomes, which are organelles responsible for degrading fatty acids and other molecules, produce H202 as a byproduct, which is then degraded by catalase. Evidence suggests that, under certain conditions, some of the peroxide escapes degradation, resulting in its release into other compartments of the cell and in increased oxidative DNA damage.
4) Cytochrome P450 enzymes in animals constitute one of the primary defense systems against natural toxic chemicals from plants, the major source of dietary toxins. The induction of these enzymes, prevent acute toxic effects from foreign chemicals, but also results in oxidant by-products that damage DNA (Park, J.-Y. K. and Ames, B.N., unpublished).
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
Three exogenous sources may significantly increase the large endogenous oxidant load.
1) The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in cigarette smoke (about 1000 ppm) cause oxidation of macromolecules, and deplete antioxidant levels. This is likely to contribute significantly to the pathology of smoking. Smoking is a risk factor for heart disease as well as a wide variety of cancers in addition to lung cancer.
2) Iron (and copper) salts promote the generation of oxidizing radicals from peroxides (Fenton chemistry). Men who absorb significantly more than normal amounts of dietary iron due to a genetic defect (hemochromatosis disease) are at an increased risk for both cancer and heart disease. It has therefore been argued that too much dietary copper or iron, particularly heme iron (which is high in meat), is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cancer in normal men
3) Normal diets contain plant food with large amounts of natural phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic and caffeic acid, that may generate oxidants by redox cycling .
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
Glutathione helps to support the proper functioning
Glutathione helps to support the proper functioning of your immune system , and will improve immune system already in retreat.
Glutathione acts as an powerful antioxidant and Free radicals scavenger, thereby protecting our DNA and RDA from damage due to many environmental factors.
Glutathione acts as the regulator of other powerful antioxidant.
Glutathione acts as a detoxifying agent, removing foreign objects, chemicals and toxins from the body. As you age, your levels of Glutathione are depleted, thereby allowing the aging process to accelerate.
Levels of Glutathione can be sucessfully improved by taking a high quality nutritional supplement!
***Among the uses that have been reported for glutathione are:
treatment of poisoning, particularly heavy metal poisons
treatment of idiopathic pulmonary firbosis
increasing the effectiveness and reducing the toxicity of cis-platinum, a chemo drug used to treat breast cancer
treating Parkinson's disease
lowering blood pressure in patients with diabetes
increasing male sperm counts in humans and animals
treatment of liver cancer
treatment of sickle cell anemia
http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/glutathione
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
Glutathione acts as an powerful antioxidant and Free radicals scavenger, thereby protecting our DNA and RDA from damage due to many environmental factors.
Glutathione acts as the regulator of other powerful antioxidant.
Glutathione acts as a detoxifying agent, removing foreign objects, chemicals and toxins from the body. As you age, your levels of Glutathione are depleted, thereby allowing the aging process to accelerate.
Levels of Glutathione can be sucessfully improved by taking a high quality nutritional supplement!
***Among the uses that have been reported for glutathione are:
treatment of poisoning, particularly heavy metal poisons
treatment of idiopathic pulmonary firbosis
increasing the effectiveness and reducing the toxicity of cis-platinum, a chemo drug used to treat breast cancer
treating Parkinson's disease
lowering blood pressure in patients with diabetes
increasing male sperm counts in humans and animals
treatment of liver cancer
treatment of sickle cell anemia
http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/glutathione
Click here for more about Glutathione and its benefits to our body.
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